You probably have never heard of it, but catalysis – the process that increases the rate of a chemical reaction I – is responsible for 95% of industrial chemical processes and directly affects more than a third of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP). It can be likened to a bossy matchmaker who brings couples together.  

Helping a chemical reaction is achieved by means of a catalyst – a “starter.” The catalyst is not consumed or changed by the reaction, and it can keep on “helping” indefinitely (although in practice catalysts can deactivate in seconds to years). As catalysis plays such an important role in nearly every industry, it is obvious that understanding catalysts and improving them can have a significant impact.

Many catalysts are made up of nanoparticles on a support that can have varied structures. A smaller particle has more irregular surfaces, with peaks and valleys, and displays more atoms “sticking out.” A larger particle would have more flat areas. The nanoparticle’s shape and size should affect how effective they are at catalyzing a reaction, depending on whether the reaction needs the peaks and valleys or the flat surfaces. 

But sometimes the shape appears to have absolutely no effect – no matter whether the particles are big or small, the reaction occurs at the same rate. This is called “structure insensitivity” – a phenomenon that is empirically observed but for a long time, it remained unexplained. It had already been theoretically accepted that it should not exist. 

Now, Prof. Charlotte Vogt from the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa – together with an international team of scientists – has found the answer.

Vogt used advanced characterization methods, including particle accelerators and quick spectroscopy, to discover that the reactions indeed only appear to be structure insensitive. In fact, what happens is that the catalyst nanoparticle undergoes rapid restructuring. It changes its shape, and displays not the expected “flat surfaces”, but peaks and valleys, leaving only specific reactive sites exposed. The process is so fast, that without the novel technology, and smart experimental design, it could not have been observed.

The study was a collaboration between the Technion, Utrecht University, Eindhoven University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Stony Brook University, and the Paul Scherrer Institute. It was recently published in Nature Communications under the title “Dynamic restructuring of supported metal nanoparticles and its implications for structure insensitive catalysis.” 

“I believe the key to a greener, more sustainable future lies in better catalysts. Imagine, for example, turning CO2 into useful compounds. It sounds like science fiction,” said Vogt, who was born in the Netherlands only 30 years ago. She arrived in Israel for her doctorate and to use her words, fell in love with the country. “This place is amazing,” she says. “I love the sun, the beaches, the food, the vibrant society. I love how open and warm people are. I was made to feel very welcome here. There’s another aspect too: you value family, but also a modern lifestyle; as a woman, I’m not expected here to choose between a career and a family – I can have both.”

As a scientist too, Vogt is happy. “There is a culture of search for knowledge here,” she says. “I love applied science, but in my view to truly make an impact, you have to base that on fundamental research. In Israel, that is appreciated, and also funded. I am grateful for bodies like the Israel Science Foundation [ISF], which fund research without immediately demanding practical goals.”

The ISF allows scientists to “play around” with ideas and experiments and make new discoveries. “These discoveries are the basis of break-through technological developments in time. It is the difference between going into a room with the purpose of finding a particular tool, and simply going into the same room to explore what’s there. In the first scenario, you’ll find the tool you’re looking for, and only that. In the second, you might find something so much better! That’s the difference between incremental improvements – which are also important – and true scientific breakthroughs,” she explained. 

Regarding the students in Israel she said: “They come to me with ideas; they don’t wait around to be told what to do.” And the infrastructure is also what she needs. “I used to have to fly from the Netherlands to the US to do some of my experiments,” she recalled. “Now I’m going to have almost all the equipment I need next door, for example at the Zisapel Nanoelectronics Center.”

As for “structure insensitivity,” she continued, “such a process is theoretically possible, but it is not yet energy efficient. Right now, it would create more pollution than it would save. If, however, we could lower the amount of energy required, or if we would be able to tune the catalyst to make specific products, if we could find catalysts that would make these things easier, suddenly it would become feasible. Remember, acid rain used to be a problem we talked about even two decades ago; and now we no longer do. It was solved, using catalysts.”

Two years ago, Vogt won the Israel Vacuum Society (IVS) award for “outstanding early-career achievements”. This year, she was included in the Forbes 30 under 30 Europe and received the Clara Immerwahr Award for promoting equity and excellence in catalysis research, fostering young female scientists at an early stage of their career. 

She opened the Catalysis for Fuels of the Future Laboratory at the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and joined the Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP) this past March and now plans to study catalytic reactions in all the complexity involved in their real-life applications, elucidate the mechanism of varied reactions and apply this knowledge to help to design new catalysts and better processes to abate climate change.